American Samoa | Official language | | 15,050 mainly second language speakers. |
Anguilla | Official language | | |
Antigua and Barbuda | Official language | | |
Aruba | Aruba English. | Aruba English. | |
Australia | The de facto national language | Australian Standard English, Aboriginal English, Neo-Nyungar (Noonga, Noongar, Noogar). | Minor regional dialect differences. Neo-Nyungar is the community dialect of the Nyungar people. |
Bahamas, The | Official language | | |
Barbados | National language | | |
Belize | Official language | | 55,998 second language speakers in Belize (1991 census). Education, government, commerce. |
Bermuda | Official language | Bermudan English. | Colloquial English may not be a creole but a regional variety of uncreolized English. |
Botswana | Official language | Sekgoa | International trade, the medium of western influences, language of instruction from fifth grade, written language, official purposes. Taught from the beginning of primary school as a required subject. |
British Indian Ocean Territory | Official language | | The indigenous population no longer resides in the islands. Current residents include members of the USA military, a small detachment of British officials, and support staff, mainly of Mauritian and Philippine origin. |
British Virgin Islands | Official language | | |
Brunei | National language | | Government, education, and by the educated as L1 or second language. |
Cambodia | Language of wider communication. | | Replacing French as second language, especially in Phnom Penh. |
Cameroon | Official language | | |
Canada | Official language | Newfoundland English. | |
Cayman Islands | National language | Cayman Islands English. | Colloquial English seemingly borrowed creole features similar to Jamaica and Central America without undergoing creolization (John Holm 1989:479–480). Structurally similar to a creole language. May be similar to Belize Kriol [bzj]. Agriculturalists: cotton. |
Cook Islands | Official language | | |
Dominica | Official language | Dominican English. | |
Dominican Republic | English | Samaná English. | A community of descendants of ex-USA slaves settled in 1824. It is reported that there was a settlement of African slaves here in the early 1500s. There are features of creolization and archaic Black English. Also use Spanish or Haitia. |
Eritrea | National language | | Language of higher education and many technical fields. |
Ethiopia | Official language | | 169,726 second language users. Language of higher education, many technical fields, and international communication. |
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) | National language | | |
Fiji | Official language | | Also used by many urban Chinese (4,652 in 1976), Rotuman, occasionally by Indians, rarely by Fijians (P. Geraghty 1981). Reportedly a Fijian Pidgin English. Main language of commerce, education, government. |
Gambia, The | Official language | | |
Ghana | Official language | | 1,000,000 second language speakers in Ghana (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). |
Gibraltar | Official language | Yanito. | Yanito is spoken by most Gibraltarians among themselves. A variety of English with a strong Spanish influence, with over 500 words coming from Genoese (Ligurian) and Hebrew. |
Grenada | Official language | Grenadian English. | Post-creole English with French Creole influences (M. Alleyne). |
Guadeloupe | English | Gustavia English (St. Barth English). | English with some creole influence. Also use French. |
Guam | National language | | USA military and dependents. |
Guyana | National language | | Spoken as L1 by some Blacks and some Hindustanis. |
Hong Kong | Official language | | |
Honduras | English | Bay Islands English. | Some creole influence. |
India | The subsidiary official language | Distinct Indian dialect | Neither British nor American English but a distinct Indian dialect with its own unique vocabulary and style. 11,021,610 second language speakers |
Ireland | National language | South Hiberno English, North Hiberno English. | |
Isle of Man | Official language | | |
Israel | Auxiliary official language | | English most commonly used foreign language |
Jamaica | National language | English patois | |
Jersey | Official language | | |
Kenya | Official language | | Taught in primary and secondary schools. GIDS 1. Official language in most transactions. All ages. Positive attitude. Mainly second language speakers in Kenya. |
Kiribati | Official language | | |
Lebanon | Language of wider communication. | | Used to some extent since American University of Beirut founding in 1866. Many English language publications. Not spoken on the street or in Lebanese homes. |
Lesotho | Official language | | |
Liberia | Official language | Liberian Standard English. | |
Madagascar | Official language | | |
Malawi | Official language | | |
Malaysia | Language of wider communication. | | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Nearly all domains. All ages. Positive attitude. |
Malta | Official language | | |
Marshall Islands | Official language | | |
Mauritius | Official language | | Taught in secondary schools. Not widely known. Courts, road signs. |
Micronesia, Federated States of | Official language | | |
Montserrat | National language | | |
Namibia | Official language | | Not understood or spoken by everyone. |
Nauru | National language | | 7,254 including second language users (1979 Government figures). |
Netherlands Antilles | Gaining importance. | Post-creole English is dialect used. | |
New Zealand | Official language | | |
Nigeria | Official language | | second language speakers in Nigeria: 1,000,000 (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Used in government and education. |
Niue | National language | | 2,082 second language speakers in Niue. |
Norfolk Island | Official language | | |
Northern Mariana Islands | National language | | |
Pakistan | Official language | | Mainly second language speakers in Pakistan. |
Palau | Official language | | |
Papua New Guinea | Official language | | Taught in primary schools. |
Philippines | Official language | | Language of wider communication. 52% of the population said they could speak it as second language (1980 census). |
Pitcairn Islands | Official language | | |
Puerto Rico | National language | | 376,371 second language users (1970 census). |
Rwanda | Official language | | Mainly second language speakers in Rwanda. There may be more users of English than of French. |
Saint Helena | National language | | |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | National language | | |
Saint Lucia | Official language | Saint Lucian English. | An emerging English vernacular on Saint Lucia in a rural area is significantly restructured, heavily French Creole [acf] influenced, English lexicon (1998 P. Garrett). |
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | English | | |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | National language | | |
Samoa | Official language | | |
Seychelles | Official language | | Principal language of the schools. |
Sierra Leone | Official language | | Used in administration, law, education, commerce. |
Singapore | Official language | | second language users (literate in English) are 71% of population (2000 census). Ethnic groups which use English: Chinese 154,000, 68%; European and Eurasian 34,000, 15%; Indian 32,000, 14%; Malay 6,000, 3%. Chinese varieties and Tamil also used at home. |
Solomon Islands | National language | | |
Somalia | Official language | | Mostly north. |
South Africa | Official language | | The main means of communication in urban areas. Many second-generation people from India, Portugal, Germany, and Greece speak English as L1. |
Sudan | Official language | | |
Sri Lanka | Language of wider communication. | | Used in government. |
Swaziland | Official language | | Taught in all government and private schools. |
Tanzania | Official language | | Taught in primary schools. Medium of instruction in secondary schools and universities. second language speakers in Tanzania: 1,500,000 (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Used by some Asian residents as L1. |
Tokelau | National language | | Used in schools. |
Tonga | Official language | | |
Trinidad and Tobago | Official language | | |
Turks and Caicos Islands | Official language | | Shifting toward a variety of Standard Caribbean English. |
Tuvalu | Language of wider communication. | | |
Uganda | Official language | | second language speakers: 1,000,000 in Uganda (Voegelin and Voegelin 1977). Used in primary and secondary schools, law courts. |
United Kingdom | Official language | | |
United States | The de facto national language | African American Vernacular English (AAVE). | Many regional and social dialects. |
British Virgin Islands | Official language | | |
Vanuatu | Official language | | L1 speakers are from the United Kingdom. |
Zambia | Official language | | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Spoken as L1 mostly by Europeans. A small minority of Zambian Africans speak it as a L1. Used as second language. Language of Parliament. Home, education, business. All ages. Positive attitude. |
Zimbabwe | Official language | | Spoken by most Europeans and an increasing number of Africans. Used in all or most education. |
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